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Under the reign of Caliph 'Abd al-Malik and his governor in Iraq al-Hajjaj, Hasan came to oppose the inherited caliphate of the Umayyad
Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the...
s (r.660-750).
Hasan held to a doctrine of human free will, called "Qadarism" by its enemies, as opposed to predestination
Predestination in Islam
Qadar is divine destiny in Islam.-Definition:Qadar is the Arabic word for Destiny. Qada' is the Arabic word for Decree. They may or may not be used interchangeably depending on the context. Essentially, Destiny is what Allah has decreed. Allah has knowledge of everything in his creation. Nothing...
. In particular he refused to believe that a just God would predetermine a man to sin. His stance on this upset his non-Mutazil pupils Ayyub and Humayd, and embarrassed later Sunnis; some, like Dawud b. Abi Hind, went so far as to forge anti-"Qadarite" opinions in Hasan's name.
Hasan was a great supporter of asceticism
Asceticism
Asceticism describes a life-style characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals...
in the time of its first development. According to him, fear is the basis of morality, and sadness the characteristic of his religion; life is only a pilgrimage, and comfort must be denied to subdue the passions. Al-Basri is also held in high regard by the Sufis for his asceticism, though he predated Sufism as a self-aware movement. Many writers testify to the purity of his life and to his excelling in the virtues of Muhammad's own companions. He was "as if he were in the other world."
Apocryphal Writings
He is associated with the authorship of several epistles, many of which are known to be forged. Among the forgeries is an epistle to Abd al-Malik
Abd al-Malik
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was the 5th Umayyad Caliph. He was born in Mecca and grew up in Medinah . Abd al-Malik was a well-educated man and capable ruler, despite the many political problems that impeded his rule. Ibn Khaldun states: “Abdul Malik Ibn Marwan is one of the greatest Arab and Muslim...
espousing human free will, first attested by Abd al-Jabbar
Abd al-Jabbar
ABD al-JABBAR b. AHMAD b. 'Abd al-Jabbar al-HamaJani al-Asadabadi, Abu 'l-Hasan, was a Mu'tazilite theologian, a follower of the Shafi'i school. He lived in Baghdad, until he was invited to Rayy, in 367 AH/978 CE, by Ibn 'Abbad, a staunch supporter of the Mu'tazila. He was appointed chief Qadi of...
(d. 415 / 1024); which survives in three MSS. This epistle, despite claiming "some of the ... best examples of Arabic linguistic prose style", is based on the theology of al-Rassi's Kitab al-Radd and on the politics of the Zaydi Shi'a; that is, it comes from Abd al-Jabbar's circle if not from Abd al-Jabbar himself.
Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the...
s (r.660-750).
Hasan held to a doctrine of human free will, called "Qadarism" by its enemies, as opposed to predestination
Predestination in Islam
Qadar is divine destiny in Islam.-Definition:Qadar is the Arabic word for Destiny. Qada' is the Arabic word for Decree. They may or may not be used interchangeably depending on the context. Essentially, Destiny is what Allah has decreed. Allah has knowledge of everything in his creation. Nothing...
. In particular he refused to believe that a just God would predetermine a man to sin. His stance on this upset his non-Mutazil pupils Ayyub and Humayd, and embarrassed later Sunnis; some, like Dawud b. Abi Hind, went so far as to forge anti-"Qadarite" opinions in Hasan's name.
Hasan was a great supporter of asceticism
Asceticism
Asceticism describes a life-style characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals...
in the time of its first development. According to him, fear is the basis of morality, and sadness the characteristic of his religion; life is only a pilgrimage, and comfort must be denied to subdue the passions. Al-Basri is also held in high regard by the Sufis for his asceticism, though he predated Sufism as a self-aware movement. Many writers testify to the purity of his life and to his excelling in the virtues of Muhammad's own companions. He was "as if he were in the other world."
Apocryphal Writings
He is associated with the authorship of several epistles, many of which are known to be forged. Among the forgeries is an epistle to Abd al-Malik
Abd al-Malik
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was the 5th Umayyad Caliph. He was born in Mecca and grew up in Medinah . Abd al-Malik was a well-educated man and capable ruler, despite the many political problems that impeded his rule. Ibn Khaldun states: “Abdul Malik Ibn Marwan is one of the greatest Arab and Muslim...
espousing human free will, first attested by Abd al-Jabbar
Abd al-Jabbar
ABD al-JABBAR b. AHMAD b. 'Abd al-Jabbar al-HamaJani al-Asadabadi, Abu 'l-Hasan, was a Mu'tazilite theologian, a follower of the Shafi'i school. He lived in Baghdad, until he was invited to Rayy, in 367 AH/978 CE, by Ibn 'Abbad, a staunch supporter of the Mu'tazila. He was appointed chief Qadi of...
(d. 415 / 1024); which survives in three MSS. This epistle, despite claiming "some of the ... best examples of Arabic linguistic prose style", is based on the theology of al-Rassi's Kitab al-Radd and on the politics of the Zaydi Shi'a; that is, it comes from Abd al-Jabbar's circle if not from Abd al-Jabbar himself.
How much of this is true? Is it possible that Sunni scholars were forced to forge in favour of Umayyad and Abbasid which is often claimed by particularly Shi`â's and some individuals like 'Mustafa Islamoglu' who is a modernist in Turkey and very famous and many laymen believe many things he says unfortunately.
This post has been edited by Zhulfiqar: 22 February 2010 - 09:50 PM
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